case of senators the electors choose the names to be submitted to the Emperor, and he selects those who are to be appointed, and the Senate thus composed is considered one of the best features of the Brazilian constitution. As no one can be elected a senator until he has attained the age of forty, there is a certainty that by the simple operation of mortality among the members there will be every five or six years occasion for an infusion of new blood, so that'the constitution of the Senate will be modified, as it were, automatically. In a word, since 1834 Brazil has been an imperial federation of autonomous provinces.

In 1850 the Brazilian Minister at London was talking to the Duke of Wellington about the situation of the Empire and the vitality of the institutions which had enabled it to traverse the stormy period of a ten years' regency during the minority of Dom Pedro. The Duke replied: ´Yes, you are right. You ought to be proud of your constitution and your country. I do not know in Europe a single State that would have survived a similar ordeal.` The ordeal, however, was by no means terminated by the accession of Dom Pedro, for the first work to which he had to turn his attention was the pacification of the country and the putting of a definite end to the period of anarchy. Serious business this for the youthful Sovereign at an age when his contemporaries were absorbed in cricket and boating; but it was accomplished in less than a decade of the new reign and without the help of either persecutions or executions. The young